Review the symptoms and complications of the different types of heart inflammation from endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Depending on the cause and amount of heart inflammation, you may need treatments to manage complications. We are committed to advancing science and translating discoveries into clinical practice to promote the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, including endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis.
Learn about the current and future NHLBI efforts to improve health through research and scientific discovery. In support of our mission , we are committed to advancing research on endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis in part through the following ways.
We lead or sponsor many studies aimed at preventing, diagnosing, and treating heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders.
Learn more about participating in a clinical trial. View all trials from ClinicalTrials. Visit Children and Clinical Studies to hear experts, parents, and children talk about their experiences with clinical research. It can affect many areas of the body and is a cause of many major diseases, including cancer, ischemic heart disease, and autoimmune diseases. Inflammation in the heart causes damage and can lead to serious health problems.
There are three main types of heart inflammation: endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the tissue that forms a sac around the heart. Many things cause heart inflammation. Common causes include viral or bacterial infections and medical conditions that damage the heart and cause inflammation.
You may have different signs and symptoms depending on the type and severity of the heart inflammation that you have. The treatment your doctor recommends may depend on whether you are diagnosed with inflammation of the lining of your heart or valves, the heart muscle, or the tissue surrounding the heart.
You may be treated with medicine, procedures, or possibly surgery to treat your condition and its complications. Complications may include an arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, and heart failure. Types - Heart Inflammation. Image of pericarditis. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body and a normal heart and pericardium, which is the membrane, or sac, surrounding the heart.
The inset image is an enlarged cross-section of the pericardium that shows its two layers of tissue and the small amount of fluid that is normally between the layers. Figure B shows the heart with pericarditis. The inset image is an enlarged cross-section that shows the inflamed and thickened layers of the pericardium. Causes - Heart Inflammation.
Infections Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can cause heart inflammation. Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis and pericarditis. These may include adenovirus, coxsackievirus, herpes virus, influenza flu virus, and parvovirus B Viruses may infect the heart muscle tissue, causing acute or chronic immune responses from the body.
Additionally, we offer information and resources on how we are working hard to support necessary COVID research. Bacteria are the most common cause of endocarditis, which occurs when bacteria and blood cells form clumps, typically on the heart valves. In most developed countries Staphylococcus aureus is the most common type of bacteria that causes endocarditis. Bacteria can enter the blood during invasive medical procedures or intravenous drug use.
Streptococcus bacteria can also cause endocarditis, but this is more common in less developed countries. Pericarditis caused by bacteria is rare in the United States and other developed countries. However, in developing countries, 70 percent of pericarditis cases are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the organism that causes tuberculosis. Fungi are rare causes of myocarditis and pericarditis. Most commonly, fungal endocarditis is caused by either Candida or Aspergillus.
These infections are more common in immunosuppressed patients, including those who have HIV. Other infections. Another infectious cause of myocarditis includes the parasite that causes Chagas disease , which is a serious health problem in Latin America. The parasite can specifically affect the heart at the time of infection and may lead to the need for a pacemaker. How do viruses cause myocarditis? Autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus may cause pericarditis or myocarditis.
Medicines Medicines can cause side effects that may lead to myocarditis, pericarditis, or both. These medicines include: Antibiotics, such as penicillin Antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants Benzodiazepines, known as tranquilizers, such as lorazepam and diazepam Diuretics, which are medicines, such as furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide, that help your body get rid of fluid Heart medicines, such as amiodarone, hydralazine, methyldopa, and procainamide Psychiatric medicines, such as clozapine and lithium Seizure medicines, such as phenytoin Vaccines, which may cause allergic reactions leading to myocarditis, although this is rare Weight-loss medicines, such as phentermine-fenfluramine or phen-fen Environmental factors Environmental factors that may cause myocarditis include: Heavy metals, such as copper and lead Radiation Look for Treatment will discuss the medicines or procedures that your doctors may recommend if you are diagnosed with heart inflammation—endocarditis, myocarditis, or pericarditis.
Risk Factors - Heart Inflammation. Different age groups are at risk for different types of heart inflammation: Although they can affect all ages, myocarditis and pericarditis occur more often in young adults. Pericarditis also commonly affects middle-aged adults. Older adults are more at risk for endocarditis caused by bacteria. In recent years, age-related heart valve infections have been on the rise. Endocarditis and pericarditis occur twice as often in men as in women.
Lifestyle choices. Certain lifestyle choices raise your risk for endocarditis or myocarditis. These include: Drinking too much alcohol, which may cause inflammation of the myocardium and could lead to reduced heart function and heart failure Drug use such as cocaine and amphetamines and intravenous drug use with endocarditis Poor dental health, which increases the risk for bacterial endocarditis. Medical conditions. These include: Cancers, such as advanced lung and breast cancer or lymphoma.
Medicines used to treat these types of cancer can cause myocarditis or pericarditis. Skin disorders, such as burns or recurrent infections Trauma or injury to the chest or esophagus, or indirect injury to the chest wall. Medical procedures. Certain medical procedures can increase your risk of endocarditis, myocarditis, or pericarditis, including: Central venous line, which is an intravenous catheter that goes into a larger central vein in your body Devices in the heart, such as artificial heart valves, pacemakers , and implantable cardioverter defibrillators Hemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease.
Infection may result from access to blood vessels needed for hemodialysis. Medical procedures, such as having a central venous line, which is an intravenous catheter that goes into a larger central vein in your body; heart ablation for abnormal heart rhythm; or treatments for coronary heart disease Radiation therapy to treat cancers such as lung and breast cancer and lymphoma.
This may cause myocarditis or pericarditis. Treatments for ischemic heart disease. Screening and Prevention - Heart Inflammation. Prevention strategies. Avoid using illegal intravenous IV drugs. Practice careful skin hygiene, such as regularly washing your skin and immediately washing any cuts or scrapes to prevent infection. Practice good dental hygiene, including daily brushing and flossing and regular visits to the dentist.
Take antibiotics before some medical procedures, but only as directed by your doctor. Look for. With the highest quality of care for our patients with inflammatory heart disease, our heart specialists have the experience to treat the most complex issues. When irritants such as bacteria, a chemical or virus reach your heart muscle, you may experience inflammation of the heart or a heart infection. Such an infection can cause damage to or inflammation of the lining of the heart, valves, outer membrane or the heart muscle itself.
The symptoms you may face depend on the type of heart infection and can include shortness of breath, chest pain, heart palpitations, fatigue, fainting, aching muscles, red spots under the fingernails and purple or red spots on the skin. The type of heart infection you have as well as its cause will dictate how our heart specialists determine treatment.
Antibiotics, medications for heart failure, corticosteroids and drugs that reduce inflammation can usually treat minor inflammatory heart disease. However, if your case is more serious, we may recommend the following advanced treatments:. Chronic inflammatory diseases, myocardial function and cardioprotection. Br J Pharmacol. Association of suboptimal antiretroviral therapy adherence with inflammation in virologically suppressed individuals enrolled in the SMART study.
Open Forum Infect Dis. Bisphenol A disrupts inflammatory responses via Nod-like receptor protein 3 pathway in macrophages. Appl Biol Chem. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. Low-dose methotrexate for the prevention of atherosclerotic events. Exercise-induced immune system response: Anti-inflammatory status on peripheral and central organs.
American Heart Association. American Heart Association recommendations on physical activity in adults and kids. Dietary inflammatory potential and risk of cardiovascular disease among men and women in the U.
J Am Coll Cardiol. Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory benefits of statin therapy: more than meets the plaque. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights.
Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Examples of Acute Inflammation We experience acute inflammation as a localized reaction to trauma or infection. Guidelines on Risk Enhancers Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association recommend that healthcare providers consider chronic inflammatory conditions like RA, lupus, and psoriasis as "risk enhancers" for cardiovascular disease.
Frequently Asked Questions What are the biggest risk factors for heart disease? What foods have anti-inflammatory effects? When should you be worried about inflammation? How is vascular inflammation diagnosed? Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign Up. This can also trigger heart failure and heart rhythm irregularities. This condition can happen to people who seem to be in good health. The only sign of viral heart disease is flu-like symptoms for some people.
Although a wide variety of viruses may affect the heart, only a few are more commonly linked to myocarditis and other heart problems. The adenovirus is one of the most common viral causes of myocarditis in both children and adults. It typically causes respiratory infections. It may also cause bladder and bowel infections. The virus spreads through contact with droplets from the nose and throat of an infected person.
This group of viruses includes the herpes simplex viruses , varicella-zoster virus which causes chickenpox and shingles , and the Epstein-Barr virus which causes mononucleosis. Up to 90 percent of adults have been infected with the Epstein-Barr virus. CMV typically lays dormant and harmless in the body, but it can cause infections, including viral heart infection. The viruses are spread through contact with body fluids of an infected person.
They can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus during pregnancy. This is the most common cause of myocarditis, blamed for about half of all cases. It can cause the flu or attack the heart, creating an infection that lasts from 2 to 10 days. Cardiac symptoms can potentially occur within two weeks.
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